task_struct{}, thread_union{}, KMS(Kernel Mode Stack)init_task, currentfork, exec, exit, wait
    fork: duplicate the parentexec: transform the current process into anotherexit: stop the current processwait: wait until the child diesfork and execpthread_createkernel_threadA process is a program loaded in the memory.
task_struct{} is the process descriptor in Linux. (include/linux/sched.h)thread_union{} = task_struct{} + Kernel Mode Stackinit_task is the kernelโs process descriptor (arch/x86/kernel/init_task.c, include/linux/init_task.h)
            struct task_struct  init_task = INIT_TASK(init_task);
    INIT_TASK(init_task) = {
        ........
        .parent = &init_task,
        .comm = "swapper",
        ........
    }
&init_task is the start of this queue.void display_processes(){
    struct task_struct *temp;
    temp = &init_task;
    for(;;){
        print process id, user id, program name, process state for temp;
        temp = next_task(temp); // find next process
        if (temp == &init_task) break;
    }
    printk("\n");
}
struct prio_array{}.queue[]task_struct is defined in include/linux/sched.h (search for โtask_struct {โ). task_struct contain information for process ID, parent process ID, user ID, process status, children processes, the memory location of the process, the files opened, the priority of the process, program name?pid_t pidstruct task_struct parent;
    /* parent process */uid_t uidvolatile long state;
    /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */struct list_head children;
    /* list of my children */struct mm_struct *mmstruct files_struct *files;
    /* open file information */int orio, static prio, normal prio;char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN]ps โef. Find the pid of ps -ef, the process you have just executed. Find the pid and program name of the parent process of it, then the parent of this parent, and so on, until you see the init_task whose process ID is 0.


$ ps -ef
UID     PID   PPID    C   STIME   TTY        TIME  CMD
root      1      0    1   00:04   ?      00:00:00  init [3]
...     ...    ...  ...     ...   ...         ...  ...
root   4467      1    0   00:05   tty1   00:00:00  /bin/login --
...     ...    ...  ...     ...   ...         ...  ...
root   4486   4467    0   00:05   tty1   00:00:00  -bash
root   4491   4486    0   00:05   tty1   00:00:00  ps -ef
ps -ef์ PID๋ 4491์ด๋ค.ps -ef์ PPID๋ 4486์ด๋ฏ๋ก, parent process๋ PID๊ฐ 4486์ธ -bash์ด๋ค.-bash์ PPID๋ 4467์ด๋ฏ๋ก, parent process๋ PID๊ฐ 1์ธ init [3]์ด๋ค.init [3]์ PPID๋ 0์ผ๋ก, parent process๋ PID๊ฐ 0์ธ init_task์ด๋ค.display_processes() in init/main.c (right before the first function definition). Call this function in the beginning of start_kernel(). dmesg to see the result of display_processes().init/main.c : 

init/main.c์ display_processes()๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ฝ๋๊ฐ ์๋ฏธํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.struct์ธ temp๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ๊ณ , init_task (์ปค๋์ process descriptor) ์ ๋ฃ์ด์ค๋ค.temp๋ ๊ทธ ๋ค์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ์ง์ ํ๋๋ก ํ๋ค. init_task ๋ค์์๋ init_task๋ผ๋ฉด for๋ฌธ์ ํ์ถํ๊ณ  ํจ์๊ฐ ๋๋๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
start_kernel ํจ์๊ฐ ํธ์ถ๋๋ฉด display_processes()๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋จผ์  ํธ์ถํ  ์ ์๊ฒ ํ์๋ค.
๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ฌํญ์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ปค๋์ ์ปดํ์ผํ๊ณ , ์ฌ๋ถํ ํ์๋ค.
$ make bzImage
$ cp arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/bzImage
$ reboot
dmesg๋ก ๋ถํ
 ๋ฉ์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ํ์ธํด๋ณด์๋ค.

pid: 0, pname: swapper, state: 0
์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ๋์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ง ์์๊ณ , swapper ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๊ฐ โpid: 0โ์ผ๋ก ์์ฑ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค.
์คํ ์ค์ธ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๊ฐ 2๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์์ ์ kernel_init์ ์ต์๋จ์์ display_processes๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ์ ๋์ด๋ค.
๊ฐ์ฅ ๋ง์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๊ฐ ๋ณด์ฌ์ง๋ ๊ณณ์ kernel_init์์ init_post๊ฐ ํธ์ถ๋ ์ดํ์ด๋ค.
ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๋ system call์ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฏ๋ก fs/read_write.c์ ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค.
fs/read_write.c :

์ดํ arch/x86/kernel/syscall_table_32.S ์์ ๋น์ด์๋ 44๋ฒ index์ ํด๋น ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ ํด์ฃผ์๋ค.
arch/x86/kernel/syscall_table_32.S :

์ดํ, ๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ฌํญ์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด make ๋ช
๋ น์ด๋ก ๋ฆฌ๋
์ค ์ปค๋์ ์ปดํ์ผํ๊ณ  ์ฌ๋ถํ
ํ์๋ค.
$ make bzImage
$ cp arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/bzImage
$ reboot
์ฌ๋ถํ ํ, ๋ง๋ ์์คํ  ์ฝ ํจ์๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ๋ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์์ฑํ์๋ค.
syscall_44.c :
#include <unistd.h>
int main(void) {
    syscall(44);
    return 0;
}
๋ก๊ทธ ๋ ๋ฒจ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ๊ณ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์คํํด ์์คํ  ์ฝ ํจ์๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ๋ฉด ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ๋ณด์ฌ์ง๋ค.
$ echo 8 > /proc/sys/kernel/printk
$ ./syscall_44



ex1 calls this system call, you should see: ex1, ex1โs parent, ex1โs parentโs parent, etc. until you reach pid=0 which is Linux itself.๋ชจ๋  ๋ถ๋ชจ์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๋ system call์ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฏ๋ก fs/read_write.c์ ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํ๋ค.
fs/read_write.c :

my_sys_display_all_ancestors ํจ์์์๋, ํ์ฌ process์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ป๊ธฐ ์ํด, current ํฌ์ธํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํด์ฃผ๋ ์ปค๋ ํจ์์ธ get_current๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค.
์ดํ arch/x86/kernel/syscall_table_32.S ์์ ๋น์ด์๋ 53๋ฒ index์ ํด๋น ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ค์ ํด์ฃผ์๋ค.
arch/x86/kernel/syscall_table_32.S :

์ดํ, ๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ฌํญ์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด make ๋ช
๋ น์ด๋ก ๋ฆฌ๋
์ค ์ปค๋์ ์ปดํ์ผํ๊ณ  ์ฌ๋ถํ
ํ ํ์๋ค.
$ make bzImage
$ cp arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/bzImage
$ reboot
์ฌ๋ถํ ํ, ๋ง๋ ์์คํ  ์ฝ ํจ์๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ๋ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์์ฑํ์๋ค.
syscall_53.c :
#include <unistd.h>
int main(void) {
    syscall(53);
    return 0;
}
๋ก๊ทธ ๋ ๋ฒจ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ๊ณ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์คํํด ์์คํ  ์ฝ ํจ์๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ๋ฉด ํ์ฌ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ ์กฐ์๋ค์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ๋ณด์ฌ์ง๋ค.
$ echo 8 > /proc/sys/kernel/printk
$ ./syscall_53

f1, f2, and f3, and run another program that calls the above system call as follows. f1, f2, f3 and explain what these changes mean.f1.c :
int i,j; double x=1.2;
for(i=0;i<100;i++){
   for(j=0;j<10000000;j++){ // make f1 busy for a while
       x=x*x;
   }
   // and then sleep 1sec
   usleep(1000000);
}
f2.c :
int i,j; double x=1.2;
for(i=0;i<100;i++){
   for(j=0;j<10000000;j++){ // make f2 busy for a while
       x=x*x;
   }
   // and then sleep 2sec
   usleep(2000000);
}
f3.c :
int i,j; double x=1.2;
for(i=0;i<100;i++){
   for(j=0;j<10000000;j++){ // make f3 busy for a while
       x=x*x;
   }
   // and then sleep 3sec
   usleep(3000000);
}
ex1.c :
      for(i=0;i<100;i++){
         sleep(5);
         syscall(17); // show all processes
                     // assuming the system call number in exercise (3.4) is 44
      }
$ echo 8 > /proc/sys/kernel/printk
$ ./f1&
$ ./f2&
$ ./f3&
$ ./ex1










์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, f1, f2, f3์ ์ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ  ์ ์์๋ค. ex1์ state๋ 0์ผ๋ก ์ ์ง๋์๋ค.


f1 > f2 > f3 > ex1 ์์ผ๋ก ์ข
๋ฃ๋์๋ค.
my_sys_display_all_processes() so that it can also display the remaining time slice of each process (current->rt.time_slice) and repeat 3.5) as below to see the effect. chrt -rr 30 ./f1 will run f1 with priority value = max_priority-30 (lower priority means higher priority). -rr is to set scheduling policy to SCHED_RR (whose max_priority is 99).init/main.c :

display_processes ํจ์์ printk์ current->rt.time_slice๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐํด์ฃผ๊ณ ,
๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ฌํญ์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ปค๋์ ์ปดํ์ผํ๊ณ , ์ฌ๋ถํ
ํ์๋ค.
$ make bzImage
$ cp arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/bzImage
$ reboot
chrt๋ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ real-time ์์ฑ์ ์์ ํ๋ ๋ช
๋ น์ด๋ก, -rr์ ์ค์ผ์ค๋ง ์ ์ฑ
์ SCHED_RR์ผ๋ก ์ค์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
์ด๋, ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ ๋ฎ์ ์ซ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง์๋ก ๋์ ์ฐ์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค.
$ chrt โrr 30 ./f1&
$ chrt -rr 30 ./f2&
$ chrt -rr 30 ./f3&
$ chrt -rr 30 ./ex1






์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๊ฐ ์คํ๋  ๋์ ์์ฌ ํ์ ์ฌ๋ผ์ด์ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค. 
์ด ๋จ์๋ก ์ถ์ธก๋๋ฉฐ 6~9๊ฐ์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ๊ต์ฅํ ์งง์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ค์ด ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฒ์์๋ 250 ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ด์ง๊ณ  0์ ๋๋ฌํ๋ฉด 25 ์ ๋๊ฐ ์๋ก ์ฑ์์ก๋ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์ด ex1์ด ๋๋  ๋๊น์ง ๋ฐ๋ณต๋์๋ค.
include/linux/sched.h :
struct task_struct {
   long state;  // 0: runnable, >0 : stopped or dead
   int prio;    // priority
   const struct sched_class *sched_class; // scheduling functions depending on
                                          // scheduling class of this process
   struct sched_entity se;  // scheduling info
   struct list_head tasks;  // points to next task
   struct mm_struct *mm;    // memory occupied by this process
   pid_t pid;
   struct task_struct *parent;
   struct list_head children;
   uid_t uid; // owner of this process
   char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN]; // program name
   struct thread_struct thread; // pointer to saved registers
   struct fs_struct *fs;
   struct files_struct *files;
   struct signal_struct *signal;
   struct sighand_struct *sighand;
}
struct sched_class {  // fair class has func name such as task_tick_fair, enqueue_task_fair..
                      // rt class has task_tick_rt, enqueue_task_rt, ...
   void (*enqueue_task)(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p, ...);
   void (*dequeue_task)(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p, ...);
   struct task_struct *(*pick_next_task)(struct rq *rq);
   void (*task_tick)(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p,...);
   .........
}
struct sched_entity {
   u64 sum_exec_runtime;
   u64 vruntime;  // actual runtime normalized(weighted) by the number of
                  // runnable processes. unit is nanosecond
   ................
}
struct list_head is little tricky. It does not point to the next item directly. 
For example,
struct list_head tasks;
does not mean (current->tasks).next points to the next task.
include/linux/list.h :
struct list_head{
            struct list_head  *next, *prev;
};
(current->tasks).next simply points to another struct list_head that is included in the next process. To find the next process, use macro: list_entry() or next_tasks()
    list_entry( (current->tasks).next, struct task_struct, tasks)next_task(current)We can display all processes in the system by
       struct task_struct *temp;
       temp = &init_task;
       for(;;) {
          printk("pid %d ",temp->pid);
          temp = list_entry(temp->tasks.next, struct task_struct, tasks);
          if (temp == &init_task) break;
       }
To display run queues, it is more difficult. 
Each process has a priority (โprioโ field in task_struct), and there are 0 to 139 priorities. 
For each priority we have different run queue.
run_list points to the next process in the run queue with the priority of the corresponding process. 
this_rq() will point to the โstruct rqโ structure for the current cpu. This structure contains 140 run queues.
kernel/sched.c :
union  thread_union{
    struct  thread_info  thread_info;
    unsigned long  stack[THREAD_SIZE/sizeof(long)];  // 8192 bytes
}
#define next_task(p)  list_entry(rcu_dereference((p)->tasks.next), struct task_struct, tasks)
#define for_each_process(p)  for(p=&init_task;(p=next_task(p))!=&init_task;) do
arch/i386/kernel/init_task.c :
union thread_union init_thread_union;
struct task_struct  init_task = INIT_TASK(init_task);
include/asm-i386/thread_info.h :
struct thread_info{
   struct task_struct *task;        // main task structre
   struct exec_domain *exec_domain; // execution domain
   long               flags;
   long               status;
   __u32              cpu;          // cpu for this thread
   mm_segment_t       addr_limit;   // 0-0xBFFFFFFF (3G bytes) for user-thread
                                    // 0-0xFFFFFFFF (4G bytes) for kernel-thread
}
kernel/sched.c :
#define DEF_TIMESLICE (100*HZ/1000)     // 100 ms for default time slice. HZ=1000
                                        // HZ is num of timer interrupts per second.
struct prio_array {  // run queue
   unsigned int nr_active;
   struct list_head queue[MAX_PRIO];    // run queues for various priorities
};
void __activate_task(p, struct rq *rq) { // wake up p
   struct prio_array * target = rq->active;
   enqueue_task(p, target);
   p->array = array;
}
process priority: each process has priority in โprioโ (value 0..139) 0..99 is for real time task. 100..139 for user process
140 priority list
The kernel calls schedule() at the end of each ISR(Interrupt Service Routine) to pick the next process.
kernel/sched.c :
void schedule() {
   struct task_struct *prev, *next;
   struct prio_array *array;
   prev = current;
   rq = this_rq();  // run queue of the belonging cpu
   array = rq->active;  // active run queue
   deactivate_task(prev, rq);
   idx = sched_find_first_bit(array->bitmap);
   queue = array->queue + idx;
   /** old code
   next = list_entry(queue->next, struct task_struct, run_list); // next task
   array = next->array;
   **/
   next=pick_next_task(rq, prev);
   rq->curr = next;  // next is the curr task
   context_switch(rq, prev,next); // move to next
}
struct task_struct * pick_next_task(..){
   class=sched_class_highest;
   p=class->pick_next_task(rq);
   return p;
}
struct task_struct *pick_next_task_fair(rq){ // for cfs case
      cfs_rq=&rq->cfs;
      se=pick_next_entiry(cfs_rq);
      p = task_of(se);
      return p;
}
struct sched_entity *pick_next_entity(..){
   rb_entry(.....); // find the next task in rb tree
}
#define this_rq()  (&__get_cpu_var(runqueues))
static DEFINE_PER_CPU_SHARED_ALIGNED(struct rq, runqueues);
#define DEFINE_PER_CPU_SHARED_ALIGNED(type, name) \
__attribute__((__section__(โ.data.percpu"))) __typeof__(type) per_cpu__##name
The above will make
static  struct  rq  per_cpu_ruqueues;
void wake_up_new_task(struct task_struct *p, ..){
   struct rq *rq, *this_rq;
   int  this_cpu, cpu;
   rq = task_rq_lock(p, ...);  // the runqueue of the cpu this task belongs to
   cpu = task_cpu(p);  // cpu p belongs to
   __activate_task(p, rq);  // insert p in rq
}
void scheduler_tick(){ // timer interrupt calls this to
                     // decrease time slice of current p (in old code)
                      // in new code (after 2.6.23), it increases curr->se->vruntime
   int cpu=smp_processor_id();
   struct rq *rq=cpu_rq(cpu);
   struct task_struct *curr=rq->curr;
   curr->sched_class->task_tick(rq, curr, 0); // task_running_tick() in old code
   .......
}
/** old code
void task_running_tick(rq, p){
   if (!--p->time_slice){ // decrease it. if 0, reschedule
      dequeue_task(p, rq->active);
      set_tsk_need_resched(p);
      p->time_slice=task_timeslice(p);  // reset time slice
      enqueue_task(p, rq->active); // put back at the end
   }
}
**/
void task_tick_fair(rq, curr, ..){
      se=&curr->se;  // sched_entity
      cfs_rq=cfs_rq_of(se);
      entity_tick(cfs_rq, se, ...);
}
void entity_tick(cfs_rq, ...){
   update_curr(cfs_rq);
   .........
}
void update_curr(cfs_rq){
   struct sched_entity *curr=cfs_rq->curr;
   now=rq_of(cfs_rq)->clock;
   delta_exec=now - curr->exec_start; // running time so far for curr
   __update_curr(cfs_rq, curr, delta_exec);
   curr->exec_start = now;
}
void __update_curr(cfs_rq, struct sched_entity *curr, delta_exec){
   curr->sum_exec_runtime += delta_exec;
   delta_exec_weighted=calc_delta_fair(delta_exec, curr);
   curr->vruntime += delta_exec_weighted;
}
When the kernel starts, we have only one process: init_task, which represents the kernel itself. Other processes are created by fork.
example:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int x;
void main(){
   x= fork();
   if (x!=0) {
      printf("korea %d\n", x);
      while (1);
   }
   else {
      printf("china\n");
      while (1);
   }
}
What is the result of above code?
forkfork() ==> mov $2, %eax
int $0x80
==> system_call ==> arch/x86/kernel/process_32.c/sys_fork
=> kernel/fork.c/do_fork()
fork is translated into 2 assembly instructions as below by C library:
        mov $2, %eax
        int $0x80
system_call which calls in turn sys_fork when eax=2. sys_fork calls do_fork and do_fork does followings:
    pthread_create is similar to fork() except it does not copy the body of the parent.
p1.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
void * foo(void * aa){
   printf("hello from child\n");
   return NULL;
}
void main(){
   pthread_t x;
   pthread_create(&x, NULL, foo, NULL); // make a child which starts at foo
   printf("hello from parent\n");
}
$ gcc โo p1 p1.c โlpthread
$./p1
hello from child
hello from parent
Use kernel_thread() in Linux kernel which is similar to pthread_create().
    start_kernel() {
       trap_init();
       init_IRQ();
       time_init();
       console_init();
       ...............
       rest_init();
    }
    rest_init() {
       .........
       kernel_thread(kernel_init, ...........);
       pid=kernel_thread(kthreadd, ....);
       schedule();
       cpu_idle();
    }
The above Linux code calls kernel_thread(kernel_init, โฆ.). 
After this call the kernel is duplicated (but only the thread_union of the kernel is duplicated), and the childโs starting location is kernel_init().
Similarly, after kernel_thread(kthreadd,โฆ), another child is born whose starting location is kthreadd. 
Since we have three processes, they will be scheduled one by one.
exec system call transforms one process to anotherex1.c :
void main(){
   printf("I am ex1\n");
}
ex2.c :
void main(){
   execve("./ex1", 0,0);
   printf("I am ex2\n");
}
$ gcc ex1.c -o ex1
$ gcc ex2.c -o ex2
$ ex2
What will be the result?
execexec ==> mov $11, %eax ==> system_call ==> sys_execve
int $0x80
exec is translated into 2 assembly instructions as below by C library:
        mov $11, %eax
        int $0x80
system_call which calls in turn sys_execve when eax=11. (sys_execve is in arch/x86/kernel/process_32.c)sys_execve calls do_execve(fs/exec.c) which does following things:
    task_structthread_union) such that
        exec1.c :
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int x;
void main(){
        char * exec2 = "./exec2";
        char * argv[2];
        argv[0] = exec2;
        argv[1] = 0;
        x=fork();
        if (x!=0){
                printf("korea %d\n",x);
                execve("./exec2", argv, 0);
                printf("exec failed\n");
        }
        else{
                printf("japan\n");
                for(;;);
        }
}
exec2.c :
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int x;
void main(){
   printf("china\n");
}
$ gcc -o exec2 exec2.c
$ gcc -o exec1 exec1.c
exec1
shell uses fork() and exec() to run the command:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
int main() {
   int x, y;
   char buf[50];
   char * argv[2];
   for(;;) {
      printf("$ ");
      scanf("%s", buf); // get command. no arg can be input this way
      argv[0] = buf;
      argv[1] = NULL;
      x = fork();
      if (x == 0) { // child
          printf("I am child to execute %s\n", buf);
          y = execve(buf, argv, 0);
          if (y < 0) {
             printf("exec failed. errno is %d\n", errno);
             exit(1);
          }
      } else {
         wait();
      }
   }
   return 0;
}
start_kernel()
==> rest_init()
==> kernel_thread(kernel_init, ....); // now we have two processes (init_task and kernel_init)
==> kernel_thread(kthreadd, ...); // init_task runs first and create another thread.
// now we have three processes(init_task, kernel_init, kthredd)
==> schedule(); // init_task calls schedule. the scheduler picks kernel_init.
                // prio of init_task is 140. prio of the other two is 120.
==> kernel_init()
==> do_basic_setup()
...........
init_post();
==> init_post()
==> run_init_process("/sbin/init", ......);
==> kernel_execve(โ/sbin/init", ...); //kernel_init is transformed into /sbin/init.
==> /sbin/init
==> for (i=0;i < number of programs listed in /etc/inittab; i++) {
       x=fork();
       if (x==0){ // child
           execve(next program listed in /etc/inittab, ...);
       }
     } // parent goes back to the loop to create the next child
     for(;;){ // parent
       waits here;
     }
==> fork();
==> child init calls execve(โ/sbin/agetty",..); // child init
                                                //  is transformed into /sbin/agetty
==> when user logins to this server /sbin/agetty execs to /bin/login
    and display
          login:
==> when user types login ID and password correctly /bin/login makes a child and
     execs the child to the shell as specified in /etc/passwd, which is usually /bin/bash
          root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
          ...............
==> /bin/bash runs the shell code: display '#', read command, fork, let the child exec to the command, etc.
==> when user types ps -ef, shell forks and execs the child to ps -ef
init_task->/sbin/init->/sbin/agetty->/bin/login->/bin/bash->ps โef
Shell code again
   .........
   for(;;){
      printf("$ ");
      scanf("%s", buf); // get command. no arg can be input this way
      .................
      x=fork();
      if (x==0){ // child
          y=execve(buf, argv, 0);
          ............
      } else wait();
   }
printf("$"), and this library function calls write(1, "$", 1) which will display prompt. (printf => write => INT 128 => sys_write => display "$")scanf("%s", buf);, and this library function calls read(0, buf, n) which will make the shell sleep until the user enters a command. cpu_idle(). (scanf => read => INT 128 => sys_read => make shell sleep; cpu jumps to cpu_idle)$ ls<Enter>press l => INT 33 => atkbd_interrupt => store l => cpu goes back to cpu_idle() l => INT 33 => atkbd_interrupt => ignore key release => cpu goes back to cpu_idle() s => INT 33 => โฆโฆ x=fork(), and fork() will make a child.fork => INT 128 => do_fork() => make a child; assume the scheduler picks parent first)wait(), and wait() will make it sleep. Now the scheduler picks child.wait => INT 128 => sys_wait)execve("ls", ....) which will change it to /bin/ls program. The scheduler picks the child again (parent is still sleeping).execve => INT 128 => do_execve)/bin/ls runs and shows all file names in the current directory in the screen. exit(). exit() will make it a zombie (set its state to TASK_ZOMBIE) and sends a signal to parent. for(;;) loop and runs printf("$").$ex1.c :
void main(){
   int x;
   x=fork();
   printf("x:%d\n", x);
}
fork๋ ์์ ์ body์ process descriptor๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ฌํด child process๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ธ๋ค. 
fork๊ฐ ์ฑ๊ณตํ๋ฉด ์์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์์๋ 0์ ๋ฐํํ๊ณ (์คํจ์ -1), ๋ถ๋ชจ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์์๋ ์์์ pid๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ค.

0์ ์์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ printf๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ถ๋ ฅ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๊ณ , 4506์ ๋ถ๋ชจ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ printf๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ถ๋ ฅ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
ex1.c :
void main(){
   fork();
   fork();
   fork();
   for(;;);
}
์ ์ฝ๋๋ fork๋ฅผ 3๋ฒํ๊ณ  ๋ฌดํ๋ฃจํ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ  ์๋ค.
$ gcc โo ex1 ex1.c
$ ./ex1 &
$ ps โef
์ด 8๊ฐ์ ./ex1 ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๊ฐ ์์ฑ๋๋๋ฐ, fork ํจ์๊ฐ 3๊ฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ 2^3=8๊ฐ์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๊ฐ ์์ฑ๋์๋ค.




ex1.c :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void main(){
   int i; float y=3.14;
   fork();
   fork();
   for(;;){
      for(i=0;i<1000000000;i++) y=y*0.4;
      printf("%d\n", getpid());
   }
}
2๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋น์ทํ์ง๋ง, fork()๊ฐ 2๋ฒ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด 4(=2^2)๊ฐ์ ./ex1 ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๊ฐ ์์ฑ๋๋ค. 
4๊ฐ์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์์ y์ ๋ํ ์ฐ์ฐ์ ์ํํ๊ณ  ์์ ์ PID๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๋ค.

๋ฌดํ๋ฃจํ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๊ฐ ์ข ๋ฃ๋ ๋๊น์ง ๊ณ์ ์ฐ์ฐ์ ์ํํ๊ณ PID๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
ex1.c :
void main(){
   char *argv[10];
   argv[0] = "./ex2";
   argv[1] = 0;
   execve(argv[0], argv, 0);
}
ex2.c :
void main(){
   printf("korea\n");
}
execve๋ ํ์ฌ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ์
๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ต์ฒดํด ์๋ก ์์ํ๋ ํจ์์ด๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ธ์๋ก ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๊ณ  ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ธ์๋ก ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ argv์ ๋์ด๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋๋ค.
$ gcc โo ex1 ex1.c
$ gcc โo ex2 ex2.c
$ ./ex1

ex1์์ execve๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ์ฌ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค body๊ฐ ex2์ body๋ก ๊ต์ฒด๋๊ณ  ์๋ก ์คํ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ex2์ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ธ โkoreaโ๊ฐ ์ถ๋ ฅ๋์๋ค.
void main() {
   char *argv[10];
   argv[0] = "/bin/ls";
   argv[1] = 0;
   execve(argv[0], argv, 0);
}
4๋ฒ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ์ง๋ง, ์คํ๋๋ ํ์ผ ์ด๋ฆ์ด โ/bin/lsโ๋ก ๋ฐ๋์๋ค.

ls ๋ช
๋ น์ด๋ /bin/ls์ด๋ผ๋ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์คํํ๋ ๋ช
๋ น์ด์ด๋ค. 
execve๋ก /bin/ls์ ์คํํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ls๋ฅผ ์คํํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ด ์ถ๋ ฅ๋์๋ค.
argv๋ ๋ฌธ์์ด ๋ฐฐ์ด๋ก C์ธ์ด์์ ๋ฌธ์์ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ง์ง๋ง ์์๋ฅผ NULL ํ์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ฐฐ์ด์ ๋์ ๋ํ๋ธ๋ค.
void main() {
   char *argv[10];
   argv[0] = "/bin/ls";
   argv[1] = "-a";
   argv[2] = 0;
   execve(argv[0], argv, 0);
}
5๋ฒ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ์ง๋ง, argv์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์์๋ก โ-aโ๊ฐ ๋ค์ด์๋ค.
ls์ -a ์ต์
์ ์จ๊ฒจ์ง ํ์ผ์ด๋ ๋๋ ํ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๋ ์ต์
์ด๋ค.

ls -a๋ฅผ ์ง์  ์คํํด๋ณด์์ ๋, ๋์ผํ ์ถ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์ ์ ์์๋ค.
p1.c :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
void * foo(void * aa) {
   printf("hello from child\n");
   return NULL;
}
void main() {
   pthread_t x;
   pthread_create(&x, NULL, foo, NULL);   // make a child which starts at foo
   printf("hi from parent\n");
   pthread_join(x, NULL);                 // wait for the child
}
ํ๋ก์ธ์ค(process)๋ ๋จ์ํ ์คํ ์ค์ธ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ(program)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฆ, ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์์ฑํ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด ์ด์์ฒด์ ์ ์ํด ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ํ ๋น๋ฐ์ ์คํ ์ค์ธ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฑ์ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ค๋ ๋๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค.
์ค๋ ๋(thread)๋ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค(process) ๋ด์์ ์ค์ ๋ก ์์
์ ์ํํ๋ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ๋ชจ๋  ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์๋ ํ ๊ฐ ์ด์์ ์ค๋ ๋๊ฐ ์กด์ฌํ์ฌ ์์
์ ์ํํ๋ค. 
์ถ์ฒ : TCP School - 69) ์ค๋ ๋์ ๊ฐ๋
pthread_create๋ ์ค๋ ๋๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๋ ํจ์์ด๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ธ์ thread๋ ์ค๋ ๋๊ฐ ์์ฑ๋์์ ๋, ์ด๋ฅผ ์๋ณํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฐ์ด๋ค. ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ธ์๋ ์ค๋ ๋๊ฐ ์คํ๋  ๋, ์ฌ์ฉ๋  ํจ์๋ฅผ ๋ฃ์ด์ค๋ค.
$ gcc โo p1 p1.c โlpthread
$ ./p1
<pthread.h> ํค๋์ ํจ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ค๋ฉด PThread ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งํฌํด์ผ ํ๋ค. gcc์์ -l์ ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งํฌํ๋ ์ต์
์ผ๋ก -lpthread๋ /usr/lib/libpthread.so๋ฅผ ๋งํฌํ๋ค.
์คํ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์๋์ ๊ฐ๋ค.

p1.c :
#include <stdio.h>
int y=0;
int main() {
   int x;
   x = fork();
   if (x == 0) {
      y = y + 2;
      printf("process child:%d\n", y);
   } else {
      y = y + 2;
      printf("process parent:%d\n", y);
   }
   return 0;
}
p2.c :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
int y = 0;
void * foo(void *aa) { // aa is arguments passed by parent, if any.
   y = y + 2;
   printf("thread child:%d\n", y);
   return NULL;
}
void main() {
   pthread_t x;
   pthread_create(&x, NULL, foo, NULL);
   y = y + 2;
   printf("thread parent:%d\n", y);
   pthread_join(x, NULL);                // wait for the child
}
p1.c๋ process์ parent, child๋ฅผ ๋น๊ต,
p2.c๋ thread์ parent, child๋ฅผ ๋น๊ตํ๋ ์ฝ๋์ด๋ค.
p1.c์ p2.c ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์ญ ๋ณ์ y๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํด์ฃผ์๋ค.

p1.c๋ y์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก parent์ child ๋ชจ๋ ๋์ผํ๊ฒ 2๊ฐ ์ถ๋ ฅ๋์์ง๋ง, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ง๋ค ๊ฐ๋ณ์ ์ธ y๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ  ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ ์๋ก์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์์ ๊ฐ์ด๋ค.
p2.c์์๋ ์ค๋ ๋๊ฐ ํ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ๋ด์ ์ ์ญ๋ณ์ y๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ child process์์ 2๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๊ณ , parent process์์ 2์ธ y์ 2๋ฅผ ๋ํ 4๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๋ค.
/bin/ls, /bin/date, etc.shell.c :


Section 7์ shell code๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ์ฌ shell ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ณด์๋ค.

/bin/ls, /bin/date, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  /bin/pwd/ ๋ช
๋ น์ด๋ฅผ ์
๋ ฅํด๋ณด์๋๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ์ด ์ ํํ ๋์จ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ  ์ ์์๋ค.
current->pid) inside rest_init() and kernel_init(). The pid printed inside rest_init() will be 0, but the pid inside kernel_init() is 1. 0 is the pid of the kernel itself. kernel_init()? current->pid will print 2.init/main.c :


์์ ๊ฐ์ด rest_init๊ณผ kernel_init ํจ์ ์์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ํ์ฌ PID๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๋ ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ์ฝ์
ํ๋ค.
๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ฌํญ์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ปค๋์ ์ปดํ์ผํ๊ณ , ์ฌ๋ถํ ํ์๋ค.
$ make bzImage
$ cp arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/bzImage
$ reboot
dmesg๋ก ๋ถํ
 ๋ฉ์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ํ์ธํด๋ณด์๋ค.

rest_init์์์ PID๋ 0, kernel_init์์๋ 1์ด ์ถ๋ ฅ๋์๋ค.
rest_init ํจ์ ๋ด๋ถ์์๋ kernel_thread ํจ์๋ก kernel_init์ด๋ผ๋ task๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๋ฉฐ PID๋ฅผ 1๋ก ์ง์ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋, kernel_init์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ init_task์ process body๋ฅผ ๊ณต์ ํ๋ค.
๋ค์์ผ๋ก current->pid์ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ด 2๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ณณ์ ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํด ps ๋ช
๋ น์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค.
$ ps -ef

kthreadd์ PID๊ฐ 2์ด๋ฏ๋ก current->pid์ ์ถ๋ ฅ์ด 2๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ณณ์ kthreadd๊ฐ ์คํ๋ ์ดํ๋ผ๊ณ  ์์ธกํ  ์ ์๋ค.
start_kernel() is rest_init(). If you insert printk() after rest_init(), it is not displayed during the system booting. Explain the reason.init/main.c :
    void start_kernel(){
        ............
        printk("before rest_init\n");  // this will be printed out
        rest_init();
        printk("after rest_init\n");   // but this will not.
    }

start_kernel()์์ ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ํธ์ถ๋๋ rest_init๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํจ์์ ์ ์ ์ค cpu_idle ํจ์๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ๋ค.

arch/x86/kernel/process_64.c:

cpu_idle ํจ์๋ โlogin:โ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ถ๋ ฅํ ํ, ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์
๋ ฅ ์ ๊น์ง ๋ฌดํ๋ฃจํ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฉฐ ์ค์ผ์ฅด๋ง์ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฐ๋ค. ๊ณ์ ๋ฌดํ ๋ฃจํ๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ  ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ rest_init ์ดํ์ ์ฝ๋๋ ์คํ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ rest_init ์ดํ์ ์ฝ๋๋ ๋ถํ
 ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์คํ๋  ์ ์๋ค.
ex1.c).ex1.c:
   void main(){
      printf("korea\n");
   }
When the shell runs this, CPU could be in shell program or in ex1 or in kernel. 
Explain where is CPU for each major step of this program. You should indicate the CPU location whenever the cpu changes its location among these three programs. 
Start the tracing from the moment when the shell prints a prompt until it prints next prompt.
shell: printf(โ$โ);        // CPU๋ shell์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, shell์์ ์
๋ ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅ
    => write(1, โ$โ, 1);   // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, STDOUT_FILENO(=1)์ โ$โ์ 1๊ธ์ ์ถ๋ ฅ
    => INT 128             // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ์ธํฐ๋ฝํธ์ธ 128๋ฒ์ ํธ์ถ
    => mov eax 4           // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, write์ ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ๋ฒํธ๋ 4
kernel: sys_write()        // CPU๋ kernel์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, โ$โ ๋ฌธ์์ด์ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ํธ์ถ
shell: scanf(โ%sโ, buf);   // CPU๋ shell์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ์ฉ์๊ฐ ์
๋ ฅํ ๋ฌธ์์ด์ ์ฝ์
    => read(1, buf, n);    // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, STDIN_FILENO(=1)์์ len ๋งํผ ์ฝ์ด buf์ ์ ์ฅ
    => INT 128             // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ์ธํฐ๋ฝํธ์ธ 128๋ฒ์ ํธ์ถ
    => mov eax 3           // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, read์ ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ๋ฒํธ๋ 3
kernel: sys_read();        // CPU๋ kernel์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์
๋ ฅํ ๋ฌธ์์ด์ ์ฝ์ด์ค๋ ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ํธ์ถ
/* (ํค๋ณด๋ ์
๋ ฅ ๋ฐ์) */
shell: INT 33              // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํค๋ณด๋ ์ธํฐ๋ฝํธ์ธ 33๋ฒ ํธ์ถ
kernel: atkbd_interrupt    // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํค๋ณด๋ ๋ฒํผ์ ์
๋ ฅํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ฅ
/* (ENTER๊ฐ ์
๋ ฅ๋  ๋๊น์ง ์ ๊ณผ์  ๋ฐ๋ณต) */
/* (ENTER ์
๋ ฅ) */         // CPU๊ฐ shell๋ก ๋๋์๊ฐ
shell: x=fork();           // CPU๋ shell์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์คํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์์ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ์์ฑ
    => INT 128             // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ์ธํฐ๋ฝํธ์ธ 128๋ฒ์ ํธ์ถ
kernel: sys_fork()         // CPU๋ kernel์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, fork์ ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ํธ์ถ
shell: printf(โI am child~%s\nโ, buf); // CPU๋ shell์ ์์
    => write(1, โI am~โ, n)            // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, STDOUT_FILENO(=1)์ โI am~โ์ n๊ธ์๋งํผ ์ถ๋ ฅ
    => INT 128                         // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ์ธํฐ๋ฝํธ์ธ 128๋ฒ์ ํธ์ถ
kernel: sys_write()                    // CPU๋ kernel์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, โI am~โ๋ฌธ์์ด์ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ํธ์ถ
shell: y=execve(buf, argv, 0);   // CPU๋ shell์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์
๋ ฅ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์คํ
    => INT 128                   // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ์ธํฐ๋ฝํธ์ธ 128๋ฒ์ ํธ์ถ
kernel: sys_execve()             // CPU๋ kernel์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, execve์ ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ํธ์ถ
ex1: printf(โkorea\nโ);          // CPU๋ ex1์ ์์
    => write(1, โkorea\nโ, 6);   // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ,
    => INT 128                   // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ์ธํฐ๋ฝํธ์ธ 128๋ฒ์ ํธ์ถ
kernel: sys_write()              // CPU๋ kernel์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, โkoreaโ๋ฌธ์์ด์ ์ถ๋ ฅํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ํธ์ถ
    => exit(0)
shell: else wait();        // CPU๋ shell์ ์์
    => INT 128             // CPU๋ C ๋ผ์ด๋ธ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์คํ
 ์ฝ ์ธํฐ๋ฝํธ์ธ 128๋ฒ์ ํธ์ถ
kernel: sys_wait4          // CPU๋ kernel์ ์์
shell: printf("$");        // CPU๋ ๋ค์ shell์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ด ์ข
๋ฃ๋๋ฉด ๋ค์ shell์์ ์
๋ ฅ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ๋ฌธ์๋ฅผ ์ถ๋ ฅ
kernel_init directly instead of calling kernel_thread(kernel_init, ...) in rest_init()?kernel_init with NULL argument and explain why the kenel falls into panic.init/main.c :

rest_init ํจ์์ ์ ์์์ kernel_thread ์ฝ๋๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ํ kernel_init(NULL);๋ก ์ง์  ํธ์ถํ๋๋ก ํ์๋ค.
์ดํ recompile ๋ฐ ์ฌ๋ถํ ํ์๋ค.

๋ง์ง๋ง ์ค์ โKernel panicโ์ด๋ผ๋ ์๋ฌ ๋ฉ์ธ์ง๊ฐ ์ถ๋ ฅ๋ ํ ๋ถํ ์ด ๋ ์ด์ ์งํ๋์ง ์์๋ค.
kernel_thread๋ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค ๋์คํฌ๋ฆฝํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ฌํ๋๋ฐ, kernel_thread ์์ด kernel_init์ ์คํํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด kernel_init ๋ด๋ถ์ ๋ฌดํ๋ฃจํ๋ก ์ธํด ์ดํ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๊ฐ ์คํ๋์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋ํ, kernel_execve์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ์คํํ๋ฉด ํ์ฌ body๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
fork, exec, exit, wait system call to find the corresponding code for the major steps of each system call.forkfork๋ sys_fork ํจ์๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ๋ค.
arch/x86/kernel/process_32.c :
kernel/fork.c :do_fork : 




copy_process : 


โฆโฆ
dup_task_struct : 


โฆ..
sys_fork -> do_fork -> copy_process -> dup_task_struct
do_fork์์ returnํ๋ nr์ ๋ณต์ฌ๋ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ PID์ด๋ค.
execexec๋ sys_exec ํจ์๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ๋ค.
arch/x86/kernel/process_32.c :
fs/exec.c :
โฆโฆ


sys_execve -> do_execve -> open_exec -> sched_exec
do_execve์์ ํ์ผ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์ค์ผ์ค์ ๋ฑ๋กํ๊ณ , argv๋ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋๊ฒจ์ค๋ค.
exitexit๋ sys_exit ํจ์๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ๋ค.
kernel/exit.c :sys_exit :

do_exit :

โฆโฆ

โฆโฆ

โฆโฆ

sys_exit -> do_exit -> exit_signals -> exit_mm -> exit_thread -> exit_notify -> schedule
์๊ทธ๋ ๋ณด๋ด๊ณ (๋ฑ๋ก๋ ํจ์ ํธ์ถ), ๋ฉ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํ์ํ๊ณ , ์ค๋ ๋ ์ข ๋ฃํ๊ณ , ๋ถ๋ชจ ํ๋ก์ธ์ค์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ณ (์๊ทธ๋ ์ ์ก), ์ค์ผ์ค๋ง์ผ๋ก ์์ ํ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ค.
waitwait(&wstatus)๋ waitpid(-1, &wstatus, 0)์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ waitpid๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์์ผ ํ๋ค.
waitpid๋ sys_waitpid ํจ์๋ฅผ ํธ์ถํ๋ค.
kernel/exit.c :sys_waitpid : 

sys_waitpid๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๊ฐ๋ฉด, 
sys_waitpid๋ ํธํ์ฑ์ ์ํด ๋จ๊ฒจ๋์์๋ฟ, sys_wait4์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌํ๋๋ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์์ด ๋จ๊ฒจ์๋ค. 
sys_wait4๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์๋ณด์.
sys_wait4 :


do_wait : 




โฆโฆ

sys_waitpid -> sys_wait4 -> do_wait -> wait_task_stopped / wait_task_zombie / wait_task_continued
$ ./startsys;./sysnum;./stopsys
where, startsys sets the kernel flag so that system call number can be displayed, stopsys resets it, and sysnum calls printf.
sysnum.c :
void main(){
   printf("hi\n");
}
startsys.c :
void main(){
   syscall(31); // start printing sysnum
}
stopsys.c :
void main(){
   syscall(32); // stop printing sysnum
}
         execve(argv[0], argv, 0);
how the Linux knows the value of argv?
        int x,y;
        y=0;
        x=20/y;
This program, when run, will print:
Floating point exception
and dies. It dies because of divide-by-zero exception. Modify the kernel such that the system prints instead (when this program runs):
Divide-by-zero exception
Floating point exception
Tip) to make a call to a new function from entry.S, you need to protect registers as follows:
       SAVE_ALL
       call new_function
       RESTORE_REGS
All programs end with exit() system call. Even If the programmer didnโt put exit() in his code, the compiler will provide it in crtso (C run-time start-off function).
exit -> sys_exit ->
kernel/exit.c:
do_exit() {
      struct  task_struct  *tsk = current;
      exit_mm(tsk);  // remove body
      exit_sem(tsk);
      __exit_files(tsk);
      __exit_fs(tsk);      // remove resouces
      exit_notify(tsk);  // send SIGCHLD to the parent, ask init to adopt my own child,
                       // set tsk->exit_state = EXIT_ZOMBIE to make it a zombie
      tsk->state = TASK_DEAD;
      schedule();     // call a scheduler
}
The parent should wait in wait to collect the child; otherwise the child stays as a zombie consuming 8192 bytes of the memory.
if child has exit first (that is, if the child is a zombie)
    let it die completely (remove its process descriptor)
else (child is not dead yet)
    block parent
    remove parent from the run queue
    schedule next process
When later the child exits, the parent will get SIGCHLD, wakes up, and be inserted into the run queue.
wait -> sys_wait4 ->
kernel/exit.c :
do_wait() {
   struct  task_struct *tsk;
   DECLARE_WAITQUEUE(wait, current);  // make a "wait" queue
   add_wait_queue(¤t->signal->wait_chldexit, &wait);
   current->state = TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE; // block parent
   tsk = current;
   do{
      list_for_each(_p, &task-children){
         p = list_entry(...);
         if (p->exit_state == EXIT_ZOMBIE){ // if child has exit first
            wait_task_zombie(p, ...); // kill it good
            break;
         }
         // otherwise, it's still alive. wait here until it is dead
         wait_task_contiuned(p,...);
         break;
   }
   schedule();
}