Computer-Science

List and Iterator ADTs

• 1. Vectors (Array Lists)
• 2. List
• 3. Sequences

1. Vectors (Array Lists)

• The Vector or Array List ADT extends the notion of array by storing a sequence of objects
• An element can be accessed, inserted or removed by specifying its index (numberof elements preceding it)

• An exception is thrown if an incorrect index is given (e.g.,a negative index)

• Main methods:
  • at(integer i): returns the element at index i without removing it
  • set(integer i, object o): replace the element at index i with o
  • insert(integer i, object o): insert a new element o to have index i
  • erase(integer i): removes element at index i
• Additional methods:
  • size()
  • empty()

Array-based Implementation

index : (f-1+N)%N

• Performance

Growable Array-based Vector

How large should the new array be?

• Incremental strategy: increase the size by a constant c
• Doubling strategy: double the size

Comaparison of the Strategies

Amortized time

• Incremental Strategy Analysis
  • k=n/c
  • T(n) is O(n+k^2)=O(n^2)
  • The Amortized time is O(n^2)/n=O(n)
• Doubly Strategy Analysis
  • k=log_2 n
  • T(n) is O(n)
  • The Amortized time is O(n)/n=O(1)

Doubling Strategy Analysis

#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using std::max;

// Code Fragment 6.2: A vector implementation using an extendable array.
typedef int Elem; // base element type
class ArrayVector
{
public:
    ArrayVector();                           // constructor
    int size() const;                        // number of elements
    bool empty() const;                      // is vector empty?
    Elem &operator[](int i);                 // element at index
    Elem &at(int i) throw(IndexOutOfBounds); // element at index
    void erase(int i);                       // remove element at index
    void insert(int i, const Elem &e);       // insert element at index
    void reserve(int N);                     // reserve at least N spots
    // . . . (housekeeping functions omitted)
private:
    int capacity; // current array size
    int n;        // number of elements in vector
    Elem *A;      // array storing the elements
};

// Code Fragment 6.3: The simple member functions for class ArrayVector.
ArrayVector::ArrayVector() // constructor
    : capacity(0), n(0), A(NULL)
{
}
int ArrayVector::size() const // number of elements
{
    return n;
}
bool ArrayVector::empty() const // is vector empty?
{
    return size() == 0;
}
Elem &ArrayVector::operator[](int i) // element at index
{
    return A[i];
}
// element at index (safe)
Elem &ArrayVector::at(int i) throw(IndexOutOfBounds)
{
    if (i < 0 | | i >= n)
        throw IndexOutOfBounds("illegal index in function at()");
    return A[i];
}

// Code Fragment 6.4: The member function remove for class ArrayVector.
void ArrayVector::erase(int i)
{                                   // remove element at index
    for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) // shift elements down
        A[j - 1] = A[j];
    n--; // one fewer element
}

// Code Fragment 6.5: The member functions reserve and insert for class ArrayVector.
void ArrayVector::reserve(int N)
{ // reserve at least N spots
    if (capacity >= N)
        return;                 // already big enough
    Elem *B = new Elem[N];      // allocate bigger array
    for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) // copy contents to new array
        B[j] = A[j];
    if (A != NULL)
        delete[] A; // discard old array
    A = B;          // make B the new array
    capacity = N;   // set new capacity
}
void ArrayVector::insert(int i, const Elem &e)
{
    if (n >= capacity)                 // overflow?
        reserve(max(1, 2 * capacity)); // double array size
    for (int j = n - 1; j >= i; j--)   // shift elements up
        A[j + 1] = A[j];
    A[i] = e; // put in empty slot
    n++;      // one more element
}

2. List

Position ADT

The Position ADT models the notion of place within a data structure where a single object is stored

Containers and Iterators

• An iterator abstracts the process of scanning through a collection of elements
• A container is an abstract data structure that supports element access through iterators
• begin(): returns an iterator to the first element
• end(): return an iterator to an imaginary position just after the last element
• An iterator behaves like a pointer to a nelement
• *p: returns the element referenced by this iterator
• ++p: advances to the next element

Containers

• Data structures that support iterators are called containers
• Examples include Stack, Queue, Vector, List
• Various notions of iterator:
  • (standard) iterator: allows read-write access to elements
  • constiterator: provides read-only access to elements
  • bidirectional iterator: supports both ++p and –p
  • random-access iterator: supports both p+i and p-i

Iterating through a Container

• Let C be a container and p be an iterator for C

for (p = C.begin(); p != C.end(); ++p)
  loop_body

• Example: (with an STL vector)

typedef vector<int>::iterator Iterator;
int sum = 0;
for (Iterator p = V.begin(); p != V.end(); ++p)
  sum += *p;
return sum;

List ADT

• The Node List ADT models a sequence of positions storing arbitrary objects
• Genericmethods:
  • size(), empty()
• Iterators:
  • begin(): returns an iterator referring to the first element of the list; same as end() if the list is empty
  • end(): returns an iterator referring to an imaginary element just after the last element of the list
• Update functions
  • insertFront(e): inserts a new element e into the list as the first element
  • insertBack(e): insert a new element e into the list as the last element
  • eraseFront(): removes the first element of the list
  • eraseBack(): removes the last element of the list
• Iterator-based update:
  • insert(p,e): inserts a new element e into the list before position p in the list
  • erase(p): removes from the list the element at position p; invalidates p as a position
• An error condition occurs if an invalid position is passed as an argument to one of the list operations

3. Sequences

벡터와 리스트는 Sequences ADT의 일종이다. (더 General 하다.)

• Generic functions:
  • size(), empty()
• Vector-based functions:
  • at(i), set(i,o), insert(i,o), erase(i)
• List-based functions:
  • begin(), end()
  • insertFront(o), insertBack(o)
  • eraseFront(), eraseBack()
  • insert(p,o), erase(p)
• Bridge functions:
  • atIndex(i): returns the position of the element at index i
  • indexOf(p): returns the index of the element at position p

Comparing Sequence Implementations

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